Ответ учителя по предмету Биология
Устьица выполняют две основные функции: осуществляют газообмен и транспирацию (испарение) .
Устьице состоит из двух замыкающих клеток и устьичной щели между ними. К замыкающим примыкают побочные (околоустьичные) клетки. Под устьицем расположена воздушная полость. Устьица способны автоматически закрываться или открываться по мере необходимости. Это обусловлено тургорными явлениями.
Замыкающие клетки фасолевидные, их стенки неравномерно утолщены — те, что обращены друг к другу — значительно толще остальных и практически не растягиваются. В них находится большое число хлоропластов и активно идет фотосинтез, в процессе которого накапливаются углеводы. Это приводит к повышению осмотического потенциала. Вода из соседних клеток устремляется в замыкающие клетки: их объем увеличивается, резко возрастает тургорное давление. При увеличении объема наружные тонкие стенки становятся вогнутыми и раздвигаются. Устьица открываются. В ночное время в результате прекращения фотосинтеза концентрация веществ в клеточном соке этих клеток уменьшается, тургор падает, устьица закрываются. Устьичная щель закрывается еще и при недостатке влаги, так как замыкающие клетки не способны в таких условиях поддерживать высокое тургорное давление.
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